GSR Rule Book - 1933

PERMANENT-WAY AND WORKS.

209. Each Inspector of Permanent-way or of Works must satisfy himself that each man under his control is provided with a copy of these Rules, which each man must have with him when on duty and produce when required.

He must also satisfy himself that each Ganger or Sub-Ganger and Guard under his control is provided with and has with him when on duty a current copy of the working time-table or section of the book, of the appendix thereto, and of any signalling, permanent-way or special train notices.

210. Each Ganger or Sub-Ganger must read and explain to each man who joins the gang all the Rules and Regulations so far as they relate to his duties or otherwise affect him. This must also be done at least twice a year to each man under his control. Each man to whom the Rules and Regulations are so read and explained must sign a declaration to that effect, which must be sent to his Inspector.

211. Inspectors of Permanent-way or of Works must see that all Rules and Regulations are observed, and report any departure from them to the Engineer.

212. Each Inspector of Permanent-way or of Works must have a register of the names and addresses of all men under his control, so that in case of accident he may summon them immediately to assist as required. Should any obstruction be caused by snow, frost, slips, or other sudden emergency, he must immediately collect the men required.

213. Each gang must be supplied by the Inspector with two red and two green flags, two hand signal lamps and a sufficient number of detonators; Gangers will be responsible for this equipment being in proper order and ready for use.

214. Men at work on the line must rely upon their own signals for the protection of themselves and the traffic. Under certain circumstances, however, as laid down in Rules 215, 216 and 217, they must, in addition, avail themselves of the protection afforded by the fixed signals.

TROLLEY WORKING.

215. (a) A trolley must only be placed on the line when the Ganger or man in charge is present, and he will be responsible for its proper use and proteciton. It must not be attached ot a train, and when not in use, must be placed well clear of the line, and the wheels secured with chain and padlock, or other authorised means.

(b) Each trolley when on the line must carry a Danger signal which can be clearly seen by Drivers of approaching trains.

(c) A trolley must be used only during daylight and when the weather is sufficiently clear for the Danger signal on it to be seen at a distance of ½ mile, unless its use at other times is unavoidable.

(d) Before a trolley is placed on the line, the Ganger or man in charge must, except as provided in clause (k), and as otherwise provided in clause (m), arrange for a Handisgnalman to protect it. This Handsignalman must, except as provided in clauses (e) and (f), station himself ¾ mile, or such further distance as may be necessary, in the rear of the point where the trolley is to be placed on the line, to ensure the Driver of an approaching train having a good and distant view of his hand signal, and he must place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, and exhibit a hand Danger signal.

The trolley must not be placed on the line until the Handsignalman is in position.

(e) Should the Handisgnalman when going out to protect a trolley arrive at a signal box before he has reached a distance of ¾ mile, he must inform the Signalman what is about to be done and request him to keep at Danger his signals for the line about to be obstructed. The Handsignalman must place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, exhibit a hand Danger signal, and remain at the signal box as a reminder to the Signalman of the presence of the trolley until the trolley has been removed or has gone forward ¾ mile from him.

(f) When a trolley is placed on the line between the home isgnal and the signal box or when a trolley which is protected in rear by a Handsignalman enters and comes to a stand upon the line inside the home signal and during the time it remains there, a Handsignalman must be stationed at the box as a reminder to the Signalman of the presence of the trolley, but it will not be necessary to place detonators on the rail.

The Handsignalman must not proceed to follow a trolley passing into the section ahead until it has reached a distance of ¾ mile from the signal box.

The Signalman must keep at Danger the signals necessary to protect the trolley until the trolley is removed from the line, or the Handsignalman following it has passed the signal controlling the entrance ot the section ahead; where, however, there is no starting signal, the Signalman must keep the home signal at Danger until the Handsignalman protecting the trolley has proceeded ¼ mile from the signal box.

(g) When a trolley is run along the line it must be taken in the same direction as the trians, and the Handsignalman must remove the detonators and, except as provided in clause (k), follow it at a distance of ¾ mile exhibiting a hand Danger signal. Should the trolley come to rest, he must replace the 3 detonators onthe rail and still exhibit a hand Danger signal. He must continue to protect the trolley, either when at rest or when it is being moved forward, until such time as he is advised by the Ganger or man in charge that it has been removed from the line. Should a train approach on the line occupied by the trolley, the Handsignalman must at once place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, and continue to exhibit a hand Danger signal.

(h) The speed of the trolley must be so regulated as to allow the Handisgnalmen to maintain the prescribed distance.

(h) The speed of the trolley must be so regulated as to allow the Handisgnalmen to maintain the prescribed distance.

(i) A trolley must not be placed on the line between a distant signal and any stop signal worked from the same signal box, or within ¼ mile in advance of a home signal where nother stop signal is not provided ahead of such home signal, without the permission of the Signalman being first obtained by the Ganger or man in charge.

(j) Should a Handsignalman in going out ¾ mile to protect a trolley have to pass through a tunnel, or should the distance of not less than ¾ mile fall within a tunnel or close ot the mouth of a tunnel nearer to the point where the trolley is to be placed on the line, the Handsignalman must place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, before he enters the tunnel. He must the proceed through the tyunnel to the prescribed or such greater distance as will bring him to a point outside the tunnel where a good and distant view of his hand signal can be obtained by the Driver of an approaching train. The Handsignalman must there place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, exhibit the hand Danger signal, and act in accordance with clause (g).

(k) Before a trolley is allowed to go into or through any tunnel, the Ganger or man in charge must obtain the permission of the Signalman, and the trolley must be signalled in accordance with the Block Regulations and it will not then be necessary to protect it by a Handsignalman when passing through the block Section in which the tunnel is situated, but the fixed signals must be observed. If the trolley is detained inside the home signal at the box from which it is to be signalled or at the home signal of the box in advance, the Ganger or man in charge must send a man to the box to remind the Signalman of the presence of the trolley. When the trolley enters upon the line insde the home signal at the box in advance the provisions of clause (f) must be observed.

In the case of a double line, should the trolley, after going into or passing through the tunnel, be removed from the line before reaching the next signal box, the Ganger or man in charge must go to the nearest signal box and inform the Signalman the the trolley is clear of the line.

In the case of a single line worked on the electric token block system, the Ganger or man in charge must be in possession of the token. Should the trolley, after going into or passing through the tunnel, be removed from the line before reaching the next token station, the Ganger or man in charge must take the token to the Signalman at the end of the section mearer to him (except when the token cannot be restored to the instrument from which it was obtained, in which case it must be taken to the token station at the opposite end of the section) and he must inform the Signalman that the trolley is clear of the line and hand the token to him.

(l) In the case of a trolley reaching a junction in the trailing direction or requiring to cross from one running line to another so that the Handsignalman following the trolley cannot, until he arrives at the signal box, afford protection on al lines on which trains may approach the trolley, the Ganger or man in charge must before allowing the trolley to foul the junction or to cross from one running line to another, inform the Signalman and place a second Handsignalman at the box to remind the Signalman of the presence of the trolley. When the Handsignalman following the trolley has arrived at the signal box the second Handsignalman must rejoin his gang.

(m) Before a trolley is placed and while it remains on a single line of railway it must be protected by a Handsignalman in each direction. If, however, the Ganger or man in charge is in possession of the train staff or electric token, or an occupation token, or when owing to the failure of the electric token apparatus, the trolley is being used for the conveyance of a Pilotman through the section, it will not be necessary to protect it by Handsignalmen.

(n) Before leaving or passing a signal box, or fouling any junction, the Ganger or man in charge of the trolley must advise the Signalman of the destination of the trolley and of the work to be done, and must not proceed until the Signalman's permission has been obtained. A similar course must, where practicable, be adopted by the Ganger or man in charge before passing any intermediate block home signal worked from a signal box.

(o) Should a Signalman, after lowering the signals for a train, observe a trolley approaching on the same line in advance of the train, he must at once place the signals to Danger and so maintain them until the trolley has been removed from the line, or the Handsignalman following it has passed the signal controlling the entrance to the section ahead; where, however, there is no starting signal the Signalman must keep the home signal at Danger until the Handsignalman protecting the trolley has proceeded ¼ mile from the signal box.

BALLAST TRAIN WORKING.

216. (a) When it is necessary for a balast train to remain stationary on the line, or to move so slowly as to be in danger of being overtaken, the Guard must, except as provided in clause (g), arrange for the Handsignalman referred to in Rule 175, clause (b), to protect the train.

This handisgnalman must, exxcept as provided in clause (c), station himself ¾ mile, or such further distance as may be necessary, in the rear of the ballast train to ensure the Driver of an approaching train having a good and distant view of his hand signal, and he must place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, and wxhibit a hand Danger signal.

The Handsignalman must continue so to protect the ballast train until he is recalled by the Driver sounding his whistle or until he receives an order from the Guard (which may be transmitted by speaking instrument) to withdraw the hand signal, when he must return. When the Handsignalman is not at a signal box and is recalled, he must leave the 3 detonators on the rail, and the Guard must arrange with the person appointed by the Engineer to remove the detonators when the train has proceeded on its journey.

(b) In the event of a ballast train stopping between a distant and a home signal, the Guard, in addition to sending the Handsignalman back to protect the train, must send a man to inform the Signalman and request him to place, or keep, the distant signal at Caution.

(c) When a ballast train is at work under the protection of fixed signals, or is ¾ mile or less in advance of the signal box, the Handsignalman must be stationed at the signal box, exhibit a hand Danger signal, and place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart. If, However, the ballast train is between the home signal and the signal box it will not be necessary to place detonators on the rail.

The Handsignalman must inform the Signalman of the presence of the ballasst train, and the Signalman must not, except as provided in clause (d), lower his signals or allow any train to pass his box in the direction of the ballast train until the line is clear. The Handsignalman must remain at the box as a reminder to the Signalman of the presence of the ballast train, until the line is clear and he is recalled.

(d) On lines where the trulations for train signalling by absolute block are not in operation, trains (other than passenger trains) and light engines may be allowed to proceed towards the ballast train standing on the line after the trains, or engines, have been brought to a stand at the home signal, and the Drivers have been verbally warned by the Signalman as to the obstruction.

(e) Should a Handisnglman in going out ¾ mile to protect a ballast train have to pass through a tunnel, or should the distance of not less than ¾ mile fall within a tunnel or close to the mouth of a tunnel nearer to the point where the ballast train is occupying the line, the Handsignlman must place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, before he enters the tunnel. He must then proceed through the tunnel to the prescribed or such greater distance as will bring him to a point outside the tunnel where a good and distant view of the hand signal can be obtained by the Driver of an approaching train. The Handsignalman must there place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, exhibit the hand Danger signal, and act in accordance with clause (a).

(f) When it is necessary for a ballast train to remain stationary within a tunnel, or close to the mouth of a tunnel, or in any other position where owing to the formation of the line or to some other circumstance, the Driver of an approaching train would be unable to obtain a good and distant view of the ballast train, and it is not protected by fixed signals, the Guard must, in addition to sending out a Handsignalman, appoint a second Handsignalman who, at a distance of ¼ mile from the ballast train, must place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, and exhibit a hand Dnager signal in the direction from which trains approach.

(g) When the Driver of a ballast train is in possession of a train staff or an electric token on a signle line, it will not be necessary to send out Handsignalmen to protect the train.

(h) Persons in charge of ballast trains must obey the orders of Station Masters, Inspectors and Signalmen regarding the time of occupation of the line.

(i) A ballast train and men employed with such a train and extra gangs must not work on a running line during fog or falling snow, except in case of emergency, and, unless unavoidable, such train or any vehicle must not remain on any running line for the purpose of loading, unloading or doing other work except during daylight and when the weather is sufficiently clear for a signal to be distinctly seen at a distance of ½ mile.

RELAYING, REPAIR AND OBSTRUCTIONS.

217. (a) The times for carrying out work involving the stopping of trains must be selected so as to interfere as little as possible with the passage of the traffic.

Unless absolutely necessary, a rail must not be displaced, not must any other work be performed after sunset or during fog or falling snow by which an obstruction may be caused to the passage of trains.

Before a rail is taken out or relaying operations are commenced, or any stationary obstruction (except a trolley or ballast train, for which see Rules 215 and 216) is placed on the line, or in the case of any slip or failure of the works, or if from any cause the line is unsaafe, the Ganger or man in charge must, except as otherwise provided in this clause (a) appoint a Handsignalman to protect the obstruction. The Handsignalman must, except as provided in clause (b), be stationed at a distance of one mile, or at such further distance as may be necessary, to the rear of the obstruction to ensure the Driver of an approaching train having a good and distant view of his hand Danger signal. The Handsignalman must place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, and exhibit a hand Danger signal. The Ganger or man in charge must not allow a rail to be taken out or any obstruction to be placed on the line until this has been done.

The Ganger or man in charge must not withdraw the Handsignalman until the line is clear and safe for the passage of trains.

When the obstruction affects more than one line, the necessary steps must be taken to protect all the lines obstructed.

In the case of a single line, the obstruciton must be protected in both directions, but when complete occupation of a single line is required, the Ganger or man in charge should obtain from the Signalman the train staff or electric token, or obtain an occupation token, for the section of line concerned, and it will not then be necessary to appoint Handsinglmen.

The Ganger or man in charge must retain the train staff, electric token or occupation token in his possession, and not return the train staff or electric token to the Signalman, nor restore the occupation token, until the line is again clear and saafe for the passage of trains.

If, however, it is more convenient to appoint Handsignlmen than to obtain the train staff, electric token or occupation token, this may be done.

(b) When a Handisnalman is going out to protect a line which from any cause is unsafe, he must exhibit a hand Danger signal, and if a train approach him on the obstructed line before he has reached the prescribed distance, must place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, and continue to exhibit the hand Danger signal.

If the Handisgnalman when going out to protect an obstruction should arrive at a signal box before he has reached a distance of one mile, he must request the Signalman to keep the necessary signals at Danger for the protection of the obstruction. The Signalman must not lower his signals or allow any train to pass his box in the direction of the obstruction until the Handsignalman has informed him that the obstruction has been removed, and that the line is clear and safe for the passage of trains.

Until he is recalled by the Ganger or man in charge, the Handisnglman must remain at the signal box, place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, and exhibit a hand Danger signal.

If the line is obstructed in the rear of the signal box, but within the protection of the home signal, the Handsignalman must be stationed at the home signal.

If, however, owing to the block apparatus having failed, Block Regulation 13 (Blocking back) cannot be carried out, the Signalman must arrange for the Handsignalman to be stationed at a distance of not less than one mile from the obstruction, and the Handsignalman must place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, and exhibit a hand Danger signal.

(c) Before a rail is taken out or relaying operations are commenced, or any stationary obstruction (except a trolley or ballast train, for which see Rules 215 and 216) is placed on the line between a distant signal and any stop signal worked from the same signal box, or within ¼ mile in advance of a home signal where another stop signal is not provided ahead of such home signal, the Ganger or man in charge must, in addition to sending out a Handsignalman, obatin the permission of the Signalman, and request him to keep his signals at Danger for the protection of the obstruction. In the case of any slip or failure of the works, or if from any cause the line is unsafe, the Ganger or man in charge must, in addition to sending out a Handsignalman, inform the Signalman who must take the necessary steps to protect the line or lines affected.

(d) Whenever the Signalman is requested by the Ganger or man in charge or the Handsignalman to keep his signals at Danger for the prtoextion of the obstruction, the Signman must make an entry, "..................... line obstructed" and record the time in the train register or other book provided, and he and the person who requests him to keep his signals at Danger must each sign his name.

When the obstruction has been removed, the Signalman must be advised by the Ganger or man in charge or by the Handsignalman, as the case may be, and the entry "Obstruction removed, ....................line clear," must be made and the time recorded by the Signalman in the train register or other book provided. Each man must sign his name.

(e) When the obstruction is not within the protection of the home signal, the Ganger or man in charge must, in addition to sending out a Handsignalman the prescribed distance, also station near to the obstruciton a second Handsignalman, who must place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, and exhibit a hand Danger signal.

The Handsignalman must remain at the appointed place until he is recalled by the Ganger or man in charge.

(f) Should a Handsignalman in going out one mile to protect an obstruction have to pass through a tunnel or should the distance of not less than one mile fall within a tunnel or close to the mouth of a tunnel nearer to the point of obstruction the Handsignalman must place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, before he enters the tunnel. He must then proceed through the tunnel to the rpescribed or such greater distance as will bring him to a point outside the tunnel where a good and distant view of his hand signal can be obtained by the Driver of an approaching train. The Handsignalman must there place on the rail 3 detonators, 10 yards apart, and exhibit the hand Danger signal until he is recalled.

(g) When repairing, lifting or slewing the line, or when performing any other operation, or udring any other time when it is necessary for a train to travel at a speec of 15 miles an hour or at such other reduced speed as may be prescribed, the Ganger or man in charge must, except as provided in Rule 218, clause (a), send a man back ½ mile or as much farther as the circumstances of the case render necessary, who must place a detonator on the rail, and exhibit a green hand signal, waved slowly from side to side, so as to be plainly visible to the Driver of an approaching train.

In addition to sending out this Handsignalman the precise position of the work or place must, except as provided in Rule 218, clause (b), be indicated by a Handsignalman on the ground, and Drivers must keep a good look-out for this man and obey any hand signal given by him.

In the case of a single line, a Handisgnalman must be sent out the prescribed distance in each direction, and one, or, if necessary, two, Handsignalmen must be provided to indicate the precise position of the work or place.

(h) Should the ½ mile point fall at or near to a stop signal applicable to the line concerned, the Handsignalman must stand close to that signal, and exhibit a hand Danger signal whilst the signal is at Danger, and a green hand signal waved slowly from side to side when the stop signal is lowered.

If the Handsignalman in going back arrives at a signal box, and the work is within the prtoection of a stop signal worked from that box, he need not proceed beyond the box, but he must advise the Signalman of the necessity for reducing the speed of trains running in the direction of the repairs. In such a case the Signalman must keep his signals at Danger until the speed of an approaching train has been sufficiently reduced, when he must, if the Block or other Regulations have been complied with, lower his signals to allow the train to pass. When the fixed signals are lowered the Handsignalman must himself exhibit from the ground a green hand signal waved slowly from side to side, so as to be distinctly visible to the Driver of the approaching train, but he need not place a detonator on the rail unless it is necessary to do so to attract the attention of the Driver.

(i) If it should be necessary for the speed of trains to be reduced in accordance with clause (g) when approaching a place where vehicles are slipped, the Ganger or man in charge must advise the Station Master. Until the speed restriction is withdrawn, the Station Master must, unless instructions are issued to the contrary, arrange for the fixed signals to be kept at Danger to stop the trains which ordinarily slip vehicles, and, if time permit, also advise the Station Master at the last stopping station that the train must be stopped instead of the vehicles being slipped.

EXCEPTION TO RULE 217

Where renewal of way work, of which notice has been given in the Weekly Circular, is in progess on those portions of the former Cavan and Leitrim, Tralee and Dingle, Timoleague and Courtmacsherry, Cork and Muskerry, and Schull and Skibbereen Railways, which run along the public road, and where there is a view of not less than a quarter of a mile in either direction, the instructions in Rule 217 should not apply, and the following reulations should take their place :--

(I.) A pole carrying a large red flag at least 6 ft. over ground level to be fixed alongside the rails a quarter of a mile from the obstruction and in view of the gang.

(II.) Where there is not a view of a full quarter of a mile on any side of the obstruction a flagman must be left in charge of the flag at that side of the obstruction to see that it is not removed. If there is work within view of the flag at which he could be employed, he may be so employed, but must be responsible for seeing that the flag is not blown down or removed.

(III.) All trains are to stop at these flags until called on by the ganger in charge of the work.

(IV.) In foggy weather, or during falling snow, the above reulations (I.), (II.), and (III.) will not apply; and if renewal of way work has to be continued, the work mut be protected in accordance with Rule 217.

(V.) On portions of these lines which are fneced on both sides the renewal of way work must be protected in accordance with Rule 217.

218. (a) Where the necessity for trains to travel at reduced speed continues for a lengthened period, the placing of detonators on the rail, and also the exhibition of the hand caution signal, may (except as provided in clause (c) ) be dispensed with; in substitution thereof, a waning board, painted green, of the following shape, must be fixed not less than half a mile from the place to be protected, and in such a position as to be clearly seen by Eninge-drivers, but where there is a dificulty in maintaining the distance of half a mile it may be slightly lessened under suitable conditions as on a rising gradient.

During the night or during fog or falling snow, one green and one white light must be placed side by side on the warning board, thus:--

Should the point to fix the warning board be in the vicinity of a fixed signal applying to the line affected, the warning board must be placed as near as practicable to such signal, care being taken that the conditions as to distance referred to above are observed.

Unless instructions to the contrary are issued, the Signalman must not keep his signals at Danger as laid down in Rule 217, clause(h).

(b) The precise position of the work or place for which the warning board is intended will be marked either by an Indicator (see diagram (II.) below) of distinctive character or by a Flagman stationed on the ground, and an Indicator (see diagram (III.) below) will also be fixed at the point where normal speed may be resumed.

A warning board, painted green and of oval shape, fixed at the place where reduced wpeed is necessary, and in such a position as to be clearly seen by approaching Engine Drivers. During the night two geen lights must be fixed side by side on the warning board, thus:--

A warning board, painted white, or diamond shape, must also be fixed at the place where ordinary speed may be resumed, and in such a position as to be clearly seen by Engine-drivers. During the night one green light must be fixed to the warning board, thus :--

In cases of single lines, a "reduced speed" board and a "resumed speed" board may be exhibited side by side, facing in their respective directions at each end of the line affected. Drivers must strictly observe the speed restrictions when travelling between the two boards. The same precautions must be adopted by night as well as by day when it is necessary for trains to travel at reduced speed.

Warning boards must not be fixed between the distant and starting signals wokred from a signal box.

(c) Warning boards must only be brought into use after arrangements have been made between the Engineering and Traffic Departments, and after due notice has been given in the weekly or other Notices indicating the positions of the boards and the places and speed restrictions to which they refer.

(d) In foggy weather or during falling snow, a Flagman must be stationed near the warning board, and must place a detonator on the line affected, and exhibit a caution signal by waving a green hand signal slowly from side to side to the men in charge of an approaching train.

Should the warning board be placed in the vicinity of a fixed signal applying to the line affected, the Flagman for the warning board must also act as Fogsignalman for the fixed signal. Until the fixed signal is lowered he must act in accordance with Rule 91. When the fixed signal is lowered for the passage of a train, he must act in accordance with the previous paragraph of this clause.

In addition to the warning boards described above, new pattern boards of the following description are also in use:--

GENERAL.

219. (a) Any accident to a train, or failure of any part of the works affecting the safety of the line, must be immediately reported by the most expeditious means to the nearest Permanent-way Inspector, and to the Station Master on each side of the point at which the accident or failure has occured. In the event of a signal box intervening between the point of accident or failure and the nearest station in either direction, the occurrence must also be reported immedieately to the Signalman.

(b) To convey information in regard to, or summon assistance to, any accident or failure, a Platelayer must, if necessary, be sent as expeditiously as possible to the next gang in each direction, from which a Platelayer must, in like manner, be sent to the next more distant gang, until information of the accident has, by this means, reached the nearest station in each direction, and the necessary assistance has been obtained; the Platelayers of each gang proceeding to the place at which their services are required must do so without loss of time.

220. Each Ganger (or in his palce another member of the gang or other person appointed for the purpose as authorised by the Engineer) when examining his length of line, must have with him a keying hammer such tools, as required by Permanent Way Inspector, and also carry with him 6 detonators and a red flag. When passing through a tunnel he must also carry a lighted hand signal lamp.

221. (a) The line must be walked over once daily as unless otherwise directed by the Engineer.

(b) A second inspection must be made on weekdays where the Engineer has given instructions to that effect.

(c) Where a second inspection is required, the first must be made in the morning and the second in the afternoon.

(d) Where there is a possibility of distortion of, or damage to, the line owing to exceptional weather or other abnormal conditions, a further inspection or inspections, as may be condiered desirable by the Ganger, or other authorised person, must be made and reported to his Inspector.

(e) The Ganger, or other authorised person, when walking the length, must tighten up all keys and other fastenings that may be loose, and he must examine the line, level, and gauge of the road, and the state of the joints, marking, and, if necessary, repairing such as are defective.

Where the inspection is made by an authorised person other than the Ganger, any defects which cannot be repaired by him must be reported as early as possible to the Ganger or man in charge.

(e) The Ganger, or other authorised person, when walking the length, must tighten up all loose keys, and he must examine the line, level, and gauge of the road, and the state of the fastenings and joins, repairing such defects as are of immediate and urgent necessity.

Where the inspection is made by an authorised person other than the ganger, any defects which are not repaired by him must be reported as early as possible to the ganger or man in charge.

(f) All points, crossings and derailers must be carefully examined, and, if necessary, adjusted.

(g) Gangers or other authorised persons must arrange to oil and keep clean the working parts of points, derailers, and signals, unless the duty is otherwise specially provided for, and the points and derailers must be kept clear of snow, ice or other obstruction.

(h) Gangers or other authorised persons must also maintain proper scotch blocks on all sidings requiring them, and at level crossings must see that ballast, stones, snow, ice, or other obstructions are not allowed to accumulate so as to interfere with the running of the trains.

(i) Any obstruction to the proper working of the signals or signal wires must be removed, and broken signal wires must be temporarily repaired until the Lineman can attend to them.

(j) If any telegraph pole is in an unsafe state, or any of the wires are broken, slack, entangled, or touching each other or any building, they must be made safe and the circumstances reported to the Permanent-way Inspector. The Ganger or man in charge must also see that all grass, boughs of trees, ballast, and rubbish are removed from the signal, telegraph, &c., wires, and from point rods.

222. Each Ganger or man in charge must report to the Permanent-way Inspector every case in which any signal or speed restriction is disregarded by a Driver.

223. Special trains or engines have frequently to be run without previous notice of any kind, and it is necessary at all times to be prepared for such extra trains or engines.

An additional tail lamp or a red board or a red flag by day, or an additional red tail light by night, carried on the last vehicle of a train or on an engine, indicates that a special train is to follow, of which previous printed or written notice has not been given, and all concerned must keep a look out for such indication.

224. In lifting the permanent-way, no lift must be greater than 3 inches at once, and then it must be effected in a length of at least 20 yards in such a manner as not to occasion any sudden change of gradient. When both rails have to be lifted they must be raised equally and at the same time, and the ascent must be made in the direction in which the trains run, great care being taken, where there is a curve, to preserve the super-elevation of the high rail.

225. Ballast must not be thrown up in the 5ft. way more than 3 inches above rail level, and it must be thrown as much as possible on the outside of each line, or between the two lines, The rails must be kept clear of gravel, ballast, or any other material.

226. Blasting must not be allowed on any slopes or elsewhere on or near to the railway without the authority of the Engineer.

227. Gangers or men in charge must close and fasten any gates found open which ought to be closed, and report the circumstances, in order that the persons who are required to keep such gates closed and fastened may be charged with the penalties.

228. Each Ganger or man in charge is required, in the event of a flood, to examine carefully the action of the water through the culverts and bridges on his length of line, and should he see any cause to apprehend danger to the works, he must immediately exhibit the proper signals for trains to proceed cautiously or to stop, as necessity may require, and inform the Inspector thereof. Until the Inspector arrives, the Ganger or man in charge must take all the precautionary measures necessary for securing the stability of the line.

229. In the event of any fire occuring upon or near the line, the men employed on the line must take immediate measures to extinguish it.

230. Each Ganger or man in charge must keep his portion of the line clear and safe, and the fences in perfect repair; in the event of any sheep, cattle, or other animals getting within the fences, he must immediately remove them, and report the circumstance to the Permanent-way Inspector.

231. (a) Gangers or men in charge must see that broken or defective rails, chairs, sleepers or other materials are replaced by sound materials with the least possible delay. Before a rail is taken out a perfect rail must be provided at the spot in readiness to replace it.

Broken or defective rails taken out of the line must be laid aside for examination.

(b) Tools, rails, sleepers, pieces of iron or wood, or other implement or material, must be carefully placed so as to be quite clear of the line, and not within 2 feet of the rails unless below rail level, and the disused materials must be removed from the line as soon as practicable.

232. Each Permanent-way Inspactor is held responsible for the security of rails chairs and sleepers, and other permanent-way materials in his district, and for their being kept clear of all lines, and properly stacked.

233. Tools and implements required for the repair of the line must, when not in use, be kept locked up in a building, or in boxes, for the security of which the Ganger or man in charge is responsible.

234. (a) When a train is approaching, men at work on the permanent-way must not remain on any running lines, nor between them if the space is less than 8 feet, but must at once move clear of all lines unless they can distinctly see that they are in a position of safety, and in no danger from another train approaching them unobserved; the men must stop in the positions they have taken up until the train, including any detached portion thereof which may be following, has cleared a sufficient distance to enable them to see that no trian is approaching on the other lines before they re-cross the rails.

(b) If circumstances compel men to remain between trains passing on adjoining lines, where the space between the lines is less than 8 feet, they must lied down.

(c) Men passing through or working in a tunnel, when trains are approaching in both directions, must, if unable to reach any recess inthe walls, lie down either in the space between the two running lines, or between the line and the side of the tunnel, until the trains have pased. The width of the space depends upon the construction of the tunnel, with which every man must make himself acquainted, in order that he may select the place which affords the greatest safety.

(d) When work is about to be undertaken on or near lines in use for traffic and danger is likely to arise, the Ganger or man in charge must, except as shown in clause (h), appoint one or more persons, as may be necessary, expressly to maintain a good look-out, and to give warning of any train approaching. He must also satisfy himself that the Look-out man appointed is stationed in a sutiable position, is wearing a "Look-out" armlet, and is equipped with a whistle or horn, not less than 12 detonators, red and green flags during daylight, and a hand signal lamp after sunset or during fog or falling snow. This man must on no account leave his post whilst the men he is protecting contue at work unless he is properly relieved, when he must transfer the "Look-out: armlet to the Reliefman.

(e) No man must be appointed as Look-out man unless he has previously been passed as competent to act in that capacity by the Permanent-way Inspector or other person authorised by the Engineer.

(f) In tunnels and in other places where the approach of trains cannot be observed or heard in time for the men to get out of the way, the Ganger or man in charge must, except as shown in clause (h), appoint one or more Look-out men to give the necessary warning. On single lines the working party must be protected in both directions.

(g) The men must cease work during fog or falling snow when the Ganger or man in charge considers that they would not have sufficient warning of the approach or trains, provided such discontinuance of work does not endanger the safety of trains. If it be necessary for a man or men to be at work without a Ganger or man in charge, the man or men so engaged must use their own discretion as to ceasing work under the above-mentioned conditions.

Where of necessity a gang of men is working during fog or falling snow, the Ganger or man in charge must, except as shown in clause (h), post a Look-out man or men in each direction to warn the gang of the approach of trains either by using a whistle or horn and by shouting if necessary, and, if the occasion require it, the men sent out must place and maintain a detonator on one rail of each line on which trains may approach.

(h) Where an authorised apparatus is provided for the purpose of giving warning, or on lines where the Ganger or man in charge is in possession of the train staff or electric token or an occupation token, it will not be necessary to employ Look-out men.

235. (a) Rails must not be unloaded from a ballast train which is in motion unless specially authorised by the Entineer, in which case the men must take up a position of safety whilst the rails are being unloaded.

(b) Sleepers must not be unloaded from a ballast train which is in motion.

(c) When it is necessary to unload material other than rails or sleepers, from a ballast train in motion, thr following instructions must be carried out :==

(i.)	A sufficient number of brake vans must be attached at the end of the train farthest from the engine and the brakes of these vehicles applied as necessary to ensure that, in the case of a train which is being drawn, all the couplings are kept tight, and when the train is being propelled all the buffers are kept so firmly together as not to be separated by any change of gradient or other cause
(ii.)	During the time the men are engaged unloading, the train must not be started or stopped, and the speed of the train must be uniform and must not exceed 2 miles an hour.
(iii.)	The train must not be started or stopped, nor must its speed be varied, until the men engaged in unloading have been warned by the Ganger or man in charge to cease work, when the men iin the wagons must take up a position of safety before the signal is given to the Driver. The Driver must sound the whistle before starting, stopping or varying the speed.
(iv.)	The Ganger or man in charge will be responsible for giving warning before the train is stopped, started, or the speed altered, and for this purpose and for the purpose of attending to the grakes, not less than two men must be employed, one of whom must be a competent Guard.

236. The Ganger or man in charge must report to his Inspector any instance of Drivers failing to sound the whistle on entering or emerging from a tunnel, or repeating it occasionally when passing through long tunnels; also of Drivers throwing out hot water, fire or cinders, whilst passing through a tunnel.

237. Each Ganger or man in charge is repsonsible for having any coupling, chain, hook, pin, iron or other similar material found on the line collected, and conveyed to the nearest station as early as practicable.

238. Luggage, goods, or other articles, not of the character referred to in the preceding Rule, found on the line must immediately be taken to the nearest Station Master, and a report made giving the fullest information available respecting the train from which they may have fallen.

239. Workmen of the Company holding passes or free tickets, when going to or from their work, must travel together, and, as far as possible, apart from other passengers. When compartments are reserved for their use, they must ride in these comparments only.